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Debugging with Claude Code

2 min read

Effective techniques for debugging code using Claude as your AI pair programmer


title: Debugging with Claude Code description: Effective techniques for debugging code using Claude as your AI pair programmer

Claude Code excels at helping you find and fix bugs. This guide covers techniques for effective debugging sessions, from simple errors to complex issues.

Debugging Workflow

1. Describe the Problem

Be specific about what's happening:

Text
The login form submits but nothing happens.
Expected: Redirect to dashboard after successful login
Actual: Form clears but user stays on login page
No errors in console

2. Share the Error

When you have error messages, share them in full:

Text
TypeError: Cannot read properties of undefined (reading 'user')
    at AuthContext.tsx:45:23
    at renderWithHooks (react-dom.development.js:14985:18)

3. Let Claude Investigate

Claude can search for relevant code:

Text
Look at the AuthContext component around line 45.
What's causing the undefined 'user' error?

Common Debugging Patterns

Pattern 1: Error-First Debugging

Start with the error message:

Text
I'm getting this error:
"ReferenceError: process is not defined"

The error occurs when I run the app in the browser.
Using Next.js 14 with App Router.

Claude will:

  • Identify the root cause (server-only code in client component)
  • Suggest specific fixes
  • Explain why the error occurs

Pattern 2: Behavior Debugging

When there's no error, describe the behavior:

Text
The shopping cart total doesn't update when I change quantities.
- Adding items works fine
- Removing items works fine
- Changing quantity shows the new number but total stays the same

Pattern 3: Performance Debugging

For slow code or memory issues:

Text
The dashboard takes 5+ seconds to load.
It was fast before I added the recent activity feed.
Here's the component: src/components/RecentActivity.tsx

Pattern 4: Regression Debugging

When something that worked breaks:

Text
The export feature stopped working after updating to v2.0.
It was working in commit abc123.
Now it throws "Invalid file format" error.

Debugging Strategies

Binary Search with Git

Find when a bug was introduced:

Text
Help me find when this bug was introduced.
The feature works in commit from last week (abc123).
It's broken in current main (def456).
Use git bisect to narrow it down.

Minimal Reproduction

Ask Claude to isolate the problem:

Text
The bug only happens sometimes.
Help me create a minimal reproduction case
that triggers it consistently.

Log-Based Debugging

When you can't step through code:

Text
Add strategic console.log statements to trace
the data flow through the payment processing pipeline.
I need to see where the discount calculation goes wrong.

Framework-Specific Debugging

React Debugging

Text
The component re-renders infinitely.
I think it's a useEffect dependency issue.
Check src/components/UserProfile.tsx

Also check if any parent components might be
causing unnecessary re-renders.

API Debugging

Text
The API returns 500 but only for certain users.
Check the error logs and identify the pattern.
Looking at src/app/api/users/[id]/route.ts

State Management Debugging

Text
The Redux store has the correct data,
but the component shows stale values.
Check if the selector is memoized correctly.

Advanced Debugging Techniques

Conditional Breakpoints with Logging

Text
I can't use a debugger in production.
Add conditional logging that only fires when:
- User ID is 12345
- Amount is over $100
- The discount code is "SPECIAL"

Network Request Debugging

Text
The API call works in Postman but fails in the app.
Compare the exact headers, body, and request format.
Check for any request interceptors or middleware.

Memory Leak Detection

Text
The app slows down after extended use.
Help me identify potential memory leaks:
- Event listeners not being removed
- Subscriptions not being cancelled
- Large objects being held in closures

Debugging Best Practices

1. Reproduce First

Before fixing, ensure you can reproduce:

Text
Help me write a test case that reproduces this bug
so we can verify the fix works.

2. Understand Before Fixing

Ask Claude to explain the issue:

Text
Before we fix this, explain what's causing
the null reference at line 145.
I want to understand the root cause.

3. One Fix at a Time

Avoid multiple changes:

Text
Let's fix the authentication bug first.
Don't change the validation logic yet -
we need to isolate whether auth is the problem.

4. Test the Fix

After fixing:

Text
Now that we've fixed it:
1. Run the existing tests
2. Add a test for this specific bug
3. Check for any related edge cases

Debugging Prompts Collection

Initial Investigation

Text
I have a bug in [feature]. Here's what I know:
- Expected behavior: [...]
- Actual behavior: [...]
- Error message (if any): [...]
- When it started: [...]

Please investigate the relevant code and suggest
what might be causing this.

Narrowing Down

Text
We've identified the bug is in the [module].
The issue happens between [step A] and [step B].
Look at the code flow and find exactly where
the data gets corrupted/lost/changed incorrectly.

Fix Verification

Text
I've applied the fix. Please:
1. Review the change for correctness
2. Check for edge cases I might have missed
3. Suggest any additional tests needed
4. Look for similar patterns elsewhere that might have the same bug

Root Cause Analysis

Text
We fixed the immediate issue, but I want to
understand how this happened.
- Why wasn't this caught earlier?
- Are there similar patterns in the codebase?
- What can we do to prevent this type of bug?

When You're Stuck

Rubber Duck Debugging

Use Claude as your rubber duck:

Text
Let me explain what this code is supposed to do,
step by step. Stop me if anything sounds wrong:

1. User clicks submit
2. Form data is collected into an object
3. We validate required fields
4. API call is made with the data
5. On success, we redirect to /dashboard

Fresh Perspective

Text
I've been staring at this for hours.
Please look at the authentication flow with fresh eyes.
Something obvious might be wrong that I'm missing.

Systematic Review

Text
Let's systematically check each component
in the data pipeline, from input to database:
1. Form submission
2. API route handler
3. Validation middleware
4. Database query
5. Response handling

Next Steps

Generated with AI using Claude AI by Anthropic

Model: Claude Opus 4.5 · Generated: 2025-12-09 · Build: v0.9.0-b4563d6